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vitrify    
v. 使成玻璃状

使成玻璃状

vitrify
v 1: change into glass or a glass-like substance by applying
heat
2: undergo vitrification; become glassy or glass-like


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  • Decentralization - Wikipedia
    Decentralization ideally happens as a careful, rational, and orderly process, but it often takes place during times of economic and political crisis, the fall of a regime and the resultant power struggles
  • Understanding Decentralization: Concepts and Types
    Three elements must travel together for genuine decentralization to occur: authority (the power to make decisions), responsibility (the obligation to deliver results), and resources (the money and means to actually do the work)
  • 1. 2 Decentralization: Key concepts and definitions
    The literature on decentralization, fiscal federalism and local government finance has its foundations in works by political scientists and economists including Paul Samuelson (1954); Charles Tiebout (1956); Ursula Hicks (1961); James Buchanan (1965), Mancur Olson (1965), Wallace Oates (1972), and Dennis Rondinelli (1981) Decentralization is an evolving concept, however, and its role in
  • Understanding Decentralisation: Concept, Definitions, and Implications
    This definition emphasizes three critical elements: authority (the power to make decisions), responsibility (the obligation to deliver results), and resources (the means to actually accomplish tasks) Without all three elements working together, genuine decentralisation cannot occur
  • 2. Conceptualizing and measuring decentralization
    Changes in decentralization occur when administrative power is transferred from the centre to local authorities Concentration deconcentration, by contrast, denotes the extent to which “competence within the administrative hierarchy has been delegated to a subordinate author-ity” (Meyer, 1957: 60)
  • Understanding Decentralisation in Governance: A Conceptual Overview . . .
    Decentralisation represents a fundamental shift in how governance operates, transferring power from central authorities to local levels to create more responsive and effective systems
  • Decentralization - Center for the Study of Federalism
    Generally, decentralization refers to the transfer of specific types of decision-making or administrative authority from a central or higher-level entity to subordinate field, regional, and or local entities





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