Linux
n . 使用于
PC 上的
unix 系统
使用於
PC 上的
unix 系统
Linux n 1 :
an open -
source version of the UNIX operating system ("Linus Unix ") /li 'nuks / (but see below )
An implementation of the {Unix } {kernel } originally written
from scratch with no proprietary code .
The kernel runs on {Intel } and {Alpha } hardware in the general
release , with {SPARC }, {PowerPC }, {MIPS }, {ARM }, {Amiga },
Atari }, and {SGI } in active development . The SPARC , PowerPC ,
ARM , {PowerMAC } - {OSF }, and 68k ports all support {shells },
X } and {networking }. The Intel and SPARC versions have
reliable {symmetric multiprocessing }.
Work on the kernel is coordinated by Linus Torvalds , who holds
the copyright on a large part of it . The rest of the
copyright is held by a large number of other contributors (or
their employers ). Regardless of the copyright ownerships , the
kernel as a whole is available under the {GNU } {General Public
License }. The GNU project supports Linux as its kernel until
the research {Hurd } kernel is completed .
This kernel would be no use without {application programs }.
The GNU project has provided large numbers of quality tools ,
and together with other {public domain } software it is a rich
Unix environment . A compilation of the Linux kernel and these
tools is known as a Linux distribution . Compatibility modules
and /or {emulators } exist for dozens of other computing
environments .
The kernel version numbers are significant : the odd numbered
series (e .g . 1 .3 .xx ) is the development (or beta ) kernel which
evolves very quickly . Stable (or release ) kernels have even
major version numbers (e .g . 1 .2 .xx ).
There is a lot of commercial support for and use of Linux ,
both by hardware companies such as {Digital }, {IBM }, and
Apple } and numerous smaller network and integration
specialists . There are many commercially supported
distributions which are generally entirely under the GPL . At
least one distribution vendor guarantees {Posix } compliance .
Linux is particularly popular for {Internet Service
Providers }, and there are ports to both parallel
supercomputers and {embedded } {microcontrollers }. {Debian } is
one popular {open source } distribution .
The pronunciation of "Linux " has been a matter of much debate .
Many , including Torvalds , insist on the short I pronunciation
li 'nuks / because "Linus " has an /ee / sound in Swedish
Linus 's family is part of Finland 's 6 % ethnic -Swedish
minority ) and Linus considers English short /i / to be closer
to /ee / than English long /i :/ dipthong . This is consistent
with the short I in words like "linen ". This doesn 't stop
others demanding a long I /li :'nuks / following the english
pronunciation of "Linus " and "minus ". Others say /li 'niks /
following {Minix }, which Torvalds was working on before Linux .
More on pronunciation
http ://foldoc .org /pub /misc /linux -pronunciation )}.
LinuxHQ (http ://linuxhq .com /)}. {slashdot
http ://slashdot .org /)}. {freshmeat (http ://freshmeat .net /)}.
Woven Goods (http ://fokus .gmd .de /linux /)}. {Linux
Gazette (http ://ssc .com /lg )}.
funet Linux Archive (ftp ://ftp .funet .fi /pub /Linux )}, {US
mirror (ftp ://sunsite .unc .edu /pub /Linux /)}, {UK Mirror
ftp ://sunsite .doc .ic .ac .uk /packages /Linux /)}.
2000 -06 -09 )Linux : /
lee ´
nuhks /, /
li ´
nuks /,
not , /
li :´
nuhks /,
n .
The free Unix workalike created by Linus Torvalds and friends starting about 1991 .
The pronunciation /
li ´
nuhks /
is preferred because the name ‘
Linus ’
has an /
ee /
sound in Swedish (
Linus '
s family is part of Finland '
s 6 %
ethnic -
Swedish minority )
and Linus considers English short /
i /
to be closer to /
ee /
than English long /
i :/.
This may be the most remarkable hacker project in history —
an entire clone of Unix for 386 ,
486 and Pentium micros ,
distributed for free with sources over the net (
ports to Alpha and Sparc and many other machines are also in use ).
Linux is what GNU aimed to be ,
and it relies on the GNU toolset .
But the Free Software Foundation didn '
t produce the kernel to go with that toolset until 1999 ,
which was too late .
Other ,
similar efforts like FreeBSD and NetBSD have been technically successful but never caught fire the way Linux has ;
as this is written in 2003 ,
Linux has effectively swallowed all proprietary Unixes except Solaris and is seriously challenging Microsoft .
It has already captured 41 %
of the Internet -
server market and over 25 %
of general business servers .
An earlier version of this entry opined “
The secret of Linux '
s success seems to be that Linus worked much harder early on to keep the development process open and recruit other hackers ,
creating a snowball effect .”
Truer than we knew .
See bazaar .(
Some people object that the name ‘
Linux ’
should be used to refer only to the kernel ,
not the entire operating system .
This claim is a proxy for an underlying territorial dispute ;
people who insist on the term GNU /
Linux want the FSF to get most of the credit for Linux because RMS and friends wrote many of its user -
level tools .
Neither this theory nor the term GNU /
Linux has gained more than minority acceptance ).
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